MATHEMATICS (TURKISH, PHD)
PhD TR-NQF-HE: Level 8 QF-EHEA: Third Cycle EQF-LLL: Level 8

Course Introduction and Application Information

Course Code Course Name Semester Theoretical Practical Credit ECTS
POL6028 Public Opinion Analysis Fall 3 0 3 12
The course opens with the approval of the Department at the beginning of each semester

Basic information

Language of instruction: En
Type of course: Departmental Elective
Course Level:
Mode of Delivery: Face to face
Course Coordinator : Assoc. Prof. ESRA ALBAYRAKOĞLU
Course Lecturer(s): Prof. Dr. EBRU ŞULE CANAN SOKULLU
Course Objectives: The aim of this course is to introduce students to the theoretical debates about the nature, significance and measurement of public opinion in a comparative fashion with specific focus on foreign policy decision-making. It aims to provide them with the background knowledge and theoretical and practical skills needed to study and understand public opinion and post-Cold War era foreign policy connexion.

Learning Outputs

The students who have succeeded in this course;
Acquires the social, scientific and ethical values under any circumstances with related to the field of Political Science and International Relations in data collection, interpretation, and dissemination stage also information to develop and deepen the level of expertise.

Has the knowledge of the nation state to the present day about geographical, institutional, structural, conceptual and theoretical development of the international relations; the political, economic and juridical foundation of the state. Evaluated to be critical a variety of security issues, strategies, and practical consequences in the international arena.

Course Content

Some specific questions will maintain the backbone of the course: To what extent do the post-Cold War shifts in news reporting and global communication affect the information available to the mass public and the influence of the publics on foreign policy? What is the role of media compared to the role of leaders and decision-makers to lead and shape public opinion, and reciprocally to what extent whether and how public opinion maintain a pivotal role in foreign policy decision-making process? When does public stance on foreign policy translate into a foreign policy decision, policy makers in democratic systems?

Weekly Detailed Course Contents

Week Subject Related Preparation
1) Ontology and Epistemology of Public Opinion Glynn et al (1999) ‘The meanings of public opinion’ Ch. 1, ‘The history of public opinion’ Ch. 2 Shiraev and Sobel (2007) “What is Public opinion?” pp: 2-6 Binkley, R. C. (1928) ‘The Concept of Public Opinion in the Social Sciences’ Social Forces, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Mar., 1928), pp. 389-396. Margolis, M. and G. A. Mauser (1989) ‘Introduction: Public Opinion as a Dependent Variable’ in Margolis, M. and G. A. Mauser (eds) Manipulating Public Opinion: Essays on Public Opinion as a Dependent Variable California: Brooks / Cole Publishing Company, pp: 1-16. Hurwitz, J. and M. Peffley (1987) ‘How are American Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model’ American Political Science Review Vol. 81: 1099-1120. Price (1992) Public Opinion Ch. 1-2 Everts, P. (2000) ‘Public Opinion after the Cold War: A Paradigm Shift’ in Lacos, B., R.Y. Shapiro and P. Isernia (eds.) Decision-making in a Glass House, pp: 177-195. Zaller, J. (1992) The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sanders, D. (2002) “Behavioralism” in Marsh, D. and G. Stoker (eds) Theory and Methods in Political Science Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp: 45-63 Marsh, D. and P. Furlong (2002) ‘A Skin not a Sweater: Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science’ in Marsh, D. and G. Stoker (eds) Theory and Methods in Political Science Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp:17-41 Almond, G. A. (1950 [1960]) The American People and Foreign Policy New York: Preager. Sinnot, R. (1995), “Bringing Public Opinion Back In” In Niedermayer, O. and R. Sinnot (eds.) Public Opinion and Internationalized Governance pp: 11-32. Davison, W.P. (1973) ‘International and World Public Opinion’ in Ithiel de Sola Pool (et al). (eds) Handbook of Communication Chicago: Rand McNally, pp: 871-886. Isernia, P. (2001) ‘Conclusions: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go from Here?’ in Everts, P. and P. Isernia (eds.) Public Opinion and International Use of Force pp: 260-273. Schneider, W. (1974-75) ‘Public Opinion: The Beginning of Ideology?’ Foreign Policy, Vol. 17 (Winter): 88-120.
2) Theories of public opinion and foreign policy (a) Classical traditionalist approaches  Holsti (1996) Ch. 2  Caspary, W. R. (1970) ‘The Mood Theory: A Study of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy’ American Political Science Review Vol. 64 (2) (June): 536-547.  Oneal, J.R., B. Lian, and J.H. Joyner Jr. (1996) ‘Are American People ‘Pretty Prudent’? Public Responses to US Uses of Force: 1950-1988’ International Studies Quarterly Vol. 40 (2) (June 1996): 261-279.  Almond (1950 [1960]) The American People and Foreign Policy Ch. 1-2, Conclusion  Lippmann, W. (1922[1965]) Public Opinion, NY: Macmillan, Ch. Introduction and Conclusion  ----- (1925) The Phantom Public NY: Harcourt Brace.
3) Theories of public opinion and foreign policy (b) Revisionist liberal approaches  Holsti (1996) Ch 3  Shapiro, R. Y. and B. I. Page (1988) ‘Foreign Policy and the Rational Public’ Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 32: 211-247.  Nincic, M. (1992a) ‘A Sensible Public: New Perspectives on Popular Opinion and Foreign Policy’ Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 36 (4): 772-789.  Holsti, O. R. (1992) ‘Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann Consensus Mershon Series: Research Programs and Debates’ International Studies Quarterly Vol. 36: 439-466.  Isernia, P., Z. Juhasz, and H. Rattinger (2002) ‘The Rational Public and Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (2)  Jentleson, B. W. (1992) ‘The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the Use of Military Force’ International Studies Quarterly Vol. 36: 49-74.  Risse-Kappen, T. (1991) ‘Public Opinion, Domestic Structures and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies’ World Politics Vol. 43: 479-512.  Page, B.I. and R.Y. Shapiro (1992) The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans’ Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  Kant, I. (1796 [1983]) Perpetual Peace and Other Essays on Politics, History and Morals Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.  Cohen, B.C. (1995) Democracies and Foreign Policy: Public Participation in the United States and the Netherlands Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.  Dahl, R.A (1956) A Preface to Democratic Theory Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  Nincic, M. (1992b) Democracy and Foreign Policy: The Fallacy of Political Realism New York: Columbia University Press.  Cohen, B.C. (1995) Democracies and Foreign Policy: Public Participation in the United States and the Netherlands Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
4) What Role of Public Opinion on Foreign Policy?  Glynn et al (1999) ‘Public opinion and policymaking’, Ch. 9  Shiraev and Sobel (2007) “The role of public opinion in policymaking” pp: 302-306  Klarevas, L. (2002) ‘The ‘Essential Domino’ of Military Operations: American Public Opinion and the Use of Force’, International Studies Perspective Vol. 3: 413-437.  Gelb, L.H. (1972) ‘The Essential Domino: American Politics and Vietnam’ Foreign Affairs Vol. 50 (April): 459-475.  Page, B.I. and R.Y. Shapiro (1983) ‘Effects of Public Opinion on Policy’ American Political Science Review Vol.77 (1) (March): 175-190.  Graebner, N. A. (1983) ‘Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: A Pragmatic View’ in Piper, E. D. and R. J. Turchik (eds.) Interaction: Foreign Policy and Public Policy, Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, pp: 11-34.  Rielly, J.E. (ed.) (1995) American Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1995 Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations.  Bailey, T. A. (1948) The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy New York: Macmillan.  Hartley, T. and B. Russett (1992) “Public Opinion and the Common Defence: Who Governs Military Spending in the United States?” American Political Science Review Vol. 86: 905–15.  Sobel, R. (2001) The Impact of Public Opinion of U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam, New York: Oxford University Press.  Cohen, B.C. (1973) The Public’s Impact on Foreign Policy, Boston: Little Brown.
5) Public Opinion - Political Elite - Foreign Policy Nexus  Mueller, J. E. (1973) War, Presidents and Public Opinion New York: Wiley.  Canan-Sokullu, E. ‘Turco-scepticism Uncovered: European public and elite opinion on Turkey’s ‘belated’ membership’ South European Society and Politics Vol. 16, No. 3, (September 2011), pp. 483–497.  Lian, B. and J. R. Oneal (1993) ‘Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public Opinion’ Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 37: 277-300.  Marra, R.F., C. W. Ostrom, and D. M. Simon (1990) ‘Foreign policy and Presidential Popularity Journal of Conflict Resolution 34: 588-623.  Zaller, J. (1994) ‘Elite Leadership of Mass Opinion: New Evidence from the Gulf War’ in L. Bennett and D. Paletz (eds.) Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion and the US Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  Cook, F. L., J. Barabas and B.I. Page (2002) ‘Invoking Public Opinion: Policy Elites and Social Security’ Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 66: 235-264.  Kaarbo, J. (1997) ‘Prime Minister Leadership Styles in Foreign Policy Decision Making: A Framework for Research’ Political Psychology Vol. 18 (3): 553-581.  Brody, R.A. (1983-1984) ‘International Crisis: A Rallying Point for the President?’ Public Opinion Vol. 6 (41-43) (December/January).  Risse-Kappen, T. (1994) ‘Masses and Leaders: Public Opinion, Domestic Structures and Foreign Policy’ in Deese, D.A. The New Politics of American Foreign Policy New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp: 238-262.  Crabb, C.V. and K.V. Mulcahy (1988) Presidents and Foreign Policy Making Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.  Graber, D. A. (1968) Public Opinion, the President, and Foreign Policy: Four Case Studies from the Formative Years New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
6) Public Opinion - Media - Foreign Policy Nexus  Soroka, S. (2003) ‘Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy, Press and Politics, Vol. 8 (1) (Winter): 27-48.  Gamson, W. and A. Modigliani (1989) Media Discourse and Public Opinion: A Constructionist Approach’ American Journal of Political Sociology 95: 1-37.  De Vreese, C. H. and H. A. Semetko (2002) ‘Public Perception of Polls and Support for Restrictions on the Publication of Polls: Denmark’s 2000 Euro Referendum’ International Journal of Public Opinion Research Vol. 14 (4): 367-390.  Iyengar, S. and D.R, Kinder (1987) News That Matters: Television and American Public Opinion Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  Page, B. I. (2000) ‘Toward General Theories of Media, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy’, in Lacos, B., R.Y. Shapiro and P. Isernia (eds.) Decision-making in a Glass House, pp: 85-95.  Cohen, B.C. (1963) The Press and Foreign Policy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.  Rusciano, F. (1992) ‘Media Perspectives on World Opinion during the Kuwaiti Crisis’ in Denton, R. (ed) Media and the Persian Gulf War New York: Praeger.
7) Methodological Issues Data – (a) Opinion Polls  Zaller, J.R. and S. Feldman (1992) ‘A Simple Theory of Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences’ American Journal of Political Science Vol. 36: 579-616  Berelson, B. (1964) Human Behaviour: An Inventory of Scientific Findings. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
8) Methodological Issues and Data – (b) Experiments  Herrmann, R.K. (et al.) (1997) ‘Images in International Relations: An Experimental Test of Cognitive Schemata’ International Studies Quarterly Vol. 41: 403- 433.  Boettcher, W. A. (2004a) ‘Adapting Prospect Theory to the Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making: A Series of Experimental Explorations’ Paper Prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Montreal, Quebec, 17-20 March 2004.  Herrmann, R. K., P.E. Tetlock and Visser P.S. (1999) ‘Mass Public Decisions on Going to War: A Cognitive-Interactionist Framework’ American Political Science Review Vol. 93 (3) (September): 553-574.  Paul M. Sniderman and D. Grob (1996), “Innovations in experimental design in attitude surveys”, Annual Review of Sociology, 22:377-99.  Herrmann, M.G. (1977) A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders NY: Free Press.
9) Methodological Issues Data – (c) Framing Effects  Semetko, H. A. and P.M. Valkenburg (2000) ‘Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News’ Journal of Communication, Vol. 50 (2) (Spring): 93-109.  Nelson, T.E., Z.M. Oxley, and R. A. Clawson (1997) ‘Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects’ Political Behaviour Vol. 19, pp 221-246.  Entman, R.M. (1993) ‘Framing: Toward a Clarification of a Fracture Paradigm’ Journal of Communication Vol. 43 (4): 51-58  Boettcher, W. A. (2004b) ‘Military Intervention Decisions Regarding Humanitarian Crises: Framing Induced Risk Behaviour’ Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol.48 (3) (June): 331-355.  Nelson, T.E. and D. R. Kinder (1996) ‘Issue Frames and Group-Centrism in American Public Opinion’ Journal of Politics 58: 1055-1078.  Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1984) ‘Choices, Values, and Frames’ American Psychologist Vol.39: 341-350.  Iyengar, S. and Simon, A. (1994) ‘News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion: A Study of Agenda-Setting, Priming and Framing’ in Benett, W. L. and D. L. Paletz (eds) Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy in the Gulf War Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  Goffman, E. (1974) Framing Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation Experience NY: Harper and Row.  Iyengar, S. (1991) Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  Sniderman, P.M and J. Bullock (2004) ‘A Consistency Theory of Public Opinion and Political Choice: The Hypothesis of Menu Dependence’ in Saris, W.E. and P.M. Sniderman (eds) Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurement Error and Change Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, pp: 337-359.  Wooley J.T. (2000) ‘Using Media-Based Data in Studies of Politics’ American Journal of Political Science Vol. 44 (1): 156-173.
10) Methodological Issues Data – (d) Item Wording  Lockerbie, B. and S.A. Borrelli (1990) ‘Question Wording and Public Support for Contra Aid: 1983-1986 Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 54: 195-208.  Gouldner, A.W. (ed.) (1976) ‘Item Wording and Other Interaction Effects on the Measurement of Political Orientations’ American Journal of Political Science Vol. 20 (4): 773-779.  Russett, B. and M. Nincic (1976) ‘American Opinion on the Use of Military Force Abroad’ Political Science Quarterly Vol. 91 (3) (Fall): 411- 431.  Eichenberg, R.C., (2004) ‘Victory Has Many Friends: The American Public and the Use of Military Force, 1981-2004’ working paper.  Berelson, B. (1952a) Content Analysis in Communication Research Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.
11) Country Specific Analysis of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy  Canan-Sokullu, E. S. (2011) ‘Italian Public Opinion on Turkey’s EU Accession: Utilitarian Calculations, Identitarian Evaluations or Perceived Threats?’ Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 16, No.1, pp:47-70.  Isernia, P. (2000) ‘Where Angels Fear to Tread: Italian Public Opinion and Foreign Policy’ in Lacos, B., R.Y. Shapiro and P. Isernia (eds) Decision-making in a Glass House, pp: 279-297.  La Balme. N. (2000) ‘Constraint, Catalyst or Political Tool? The French Public and Foreign Policy’ in Lacos, B., R.Y. Shapiro and P. Isernia (eds) Decision-making in a Glass House pp: 265-279.  Russett, B. and M. Nincic (1976) ‘American Opinion on the Use of Military Force Abroad’ Political Science Quarterly Vol. 91 (3) (Fall): 411- 431.  Wybrow, R.J. (2003) ‘British Attitudes toward Bosnian Situation’ in Sobel, R. and E. Shiarev (eds) International Public Opinion, pp: 33-69.  Everts, P. (2003) ‘Innocence Lost: The Netherlands and the Yugoslav Conflict’ in Sobel, R. and E. Shiarev (eds) International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis London: Lexington Books, pp: 219-249.  Inglehart, R., J.R. Rabier and K. Reif (1987) “The Evolution of Public Attitudes toward European Integration 1970-86” Journal of European Integration 10: 135-155.  Eichenberg, R.C., (1989) Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe: Consensus Lost? London: MacMillan Press.
12) Issue-Specific Analysis of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (a) Military Intervention  Canan-Sokullu, Ebru Ş. (2012) ‘Domestic Support for Wars: A Cross-Case and Cross-Country Analysis’. Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 38, pp: 117-141.  Verba, S., R.A. Broody, E.B. Parker, N. H. Nie, N.W. Polsby, P. Ekman, and G.S. Black (1967) ‘Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam’ American Political Science Review Vol. 61 (2) (June): 317-333.  Sobel, R. and E. Shiarev (eds) (2003) International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis London: Lexington Books  Hinckley, R. H. (1991) ‘World Opinion and the Persian Gulf Crisis’ Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Phoenix, AZ.  Bellucci, P. and P. Isernia (2003) ‘Massacring in Front of a Blind Audience? Italian Public Opinion and Bosnia’ in Sobel and Shiarev (eds) International Public Opinion, pp: 173-219.  Kull, S. (1995b) American Public Attitudes on Sending US Troops to Bosnia College Park, MD: Centre for International and Security Studies.  Blagojevic, M. (2003) ‘War on Kosovo: A Victory for the Media?’ in Bieber, F. and Z. Daskalovski (eds) (2003) Understanding the War in Kosovo London: Frank Cass, pp: 166-183.  Everts, P. (2001) ‘War without Bloodshed? Public Opinion and the Conflict over Kosovo’ in Everts, P. and P. Isernia (eds.) Public Opinion, pp: 229-273.  Watts, S (2003) ‘Air War and Restraint: The Role of Public Opinion and Cosmopolitan Values’ Prepared for delivery at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 28 - August 31, 2003.  Brophy-Baermann, B. and J. A. C. Conybeare (1994) ‘Retaliating against Terrorism: Rational Expectations and the Optimality of Rules versus Discretion’ American Journal of Political Science Vol. 38 (1) (February): 196-210.  Carlson, L. J. (1995) ‘A Theory of Escalation and International Conflict’ in Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 39 (3) (September): 511-534.
13) Issue-Specific Analysis of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (b) European integration  Canan-Sokullu, E. ve Ç. Kentmen (2011) “Public Opinion Dimension: Turkey in the EU?: An empirical analysis of European public opinion on Turkey’s protracted candidacy”, Armağan Emre Çakır (ed.) A Sisyphean Story: Fifty Years of EU-Turkey Relations (1959-2009) Londra: Routledge, pp: 105-131.  Canan-Sokullu, E. S. (2012) “Islamophobia and Turcosceptism in Europe? A Four Nation Study” in Christopher Flood, Stephen Hutchings, Galina Miazhevich and Henri Nickels (eds), Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural, Amsterdam: Brill, pp: 97-112  Anderson, C.J. and K. C. Kaltenhaler (1996) “The Dynamic of Public Opinion toward European Integration, 1973-93” European Journal of International Relations 2 (2): 175-199.  Eichenberg, R.C., (2000) ‘NATO and European Security after the Cold War: Will European Citizens Support a Common Security Policy’ in Lacos et al (eds.) Decision-making in a Glass House, pp: 155-177.  Eichenberg, R.C. and R.J. Dalton (1993) ‘Europeans and the European Community: The Dynamics of Public Support for European Integration’ International Organization Vol. 47 (4): 507-534.  Kernic, F., J. Callaghan, P. Manigart (2002) Public Opinion on European Security and Defence: A Survey of European Trends and Public Attitudes toward CFSP and ESDP Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang  Inglehart, R. (1977) “Long-Term Trends in Mass Support for European Unification” Government and Opposition 12: 150-177.  Flynn, G. and H. Rattinger (eds) (1985) The Public and Atlantic Defence Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Alanheld.
14) Review Academic Articles and related books

Sources

Course Notes: Glynn, C. J., S. Herbst, G. J. O’Keefe and R. Y. Shapiro (1999) Public Opinion Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Shiraev, E. and R. Sobel (2007) People and Their Opinions: Thinking Critically about Public Opinion N.Y.: Pearson
References: Eriikson, R. S. and K. L. Tedin (2005) American Public Opinion N.Y.: Longman. Kernic, F., J. Callaghan, P. Manigart (2002) Public Opinion on European Security and Defence: A Survey of European Trends and Public Attitudes toward CFSP and ESDP Franfurt am Main: Peter Lang Everts, P. and P. Isernia (eds) (2001) Public Opinion and International Use of Force London: Routledge. Lacos, B., R.Y. Shapiro and P. Isernia (eds) (2000) Decision-making in a Glass House: Mass Media, Public Opinion, and American and European Foreign Policy in the 21st Century Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Niedermayer, O. and R. Sinnot (eds.) (1995) Public Opinion and Internationalized Governance Oxford, Oxford University Press. Price V. (1992) Public Opinion Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Holsti, O. R. (1996) Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press. Hinckley, R. H. (1988) ‘Public Attitudes toward Key Foreign Policy Events’ Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 32: 295-318. Sheperd, R. J. (1975) Public Opinion and European Integration Lexington Books. Shiraev, E. (2000) ‘Toward a Comparative Analysis of Public Opinion-Foreign Policy Connection’ in Lacos, B., R.Y. Shapiro and P. Isernia (eds.) Decision-making in a Glass House, pp: 297-305.

Evaluation System

Semester Requirements Number of Activities Level of Contribution
Attendance 10 % 10
Laboratory 0 % 0
Application 0 % 0
Field Work 0 % 0
Special Course Internship (Work Placement) 0 % 0
Quizzes 0 % 0
Homework Assignments 4 % 40
Presentation 0 % 0
Project 0 % 0
Seminar 0 % 0
Midterms 0 % 0
Preliminary Jury 0 % 0
Final 1 % 50
Paper Submission 0 % 0
Jury 0 % 0
Bütünleme % 0
Total % 100
PERCENTAGE OF SEMESTER WORK % 50
PERCENTAGE OF FINAL WORK % 50
Total % 100

ECTS / Workload Table

Activities Number of Activities Workload
Course Hours 14 42
Laboratory
Application 14 56
Special Course Internship (Work Placement)
Field Work
Study Hours Out of Class 14 70
Presentations / Seminar
Project
Homework Assignments 7 7
Quizzes
Preliminary Jury
Midterms
Paper Submission
Jury
Final
Total Workload 175

Contribution of Learning Outcomes to Programme Outcomes

No Effect 1 Lowest 2 Low 3 Average 4 High 5 Highest
           
Program Outcomes Level of Contribution